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THE Neuropsychological Assessment Report

The report is a thorough and accurate presentation of what is observed in the assessment interviews, in order to convey to the recipient's findings, conclusions and suggestions based on data obtained and analysis, according to a theoretical framework. The report has several purposes. In principle, allows the tracking performance and cognitive status of the subject, which serves both for clinical and experimental laos. On the other hand, is a useful tool to guide the systematic, the "return." Finally, the document to be delivered to the patient or, if this has been derived, the attending physician, therefore, must be written in understandable language, with technical terms, if any, accompanied by explanations and theoretical foundations that support them.

structure and content of the report:

The contents of the report varies according to the purpose for which it was requested the evaluation, differential diagnosis, monitoring, research, rehabilitation plan, etc.

is usually preferred to group the results according to the involved areas (memory, attention, language, etc.), Which allows to develop the cognitive profile of patients , planning intervention strategies and monitor changes over time.

There are two trends with respect to the amount of data to be included in the neuropsychological report. On one side are those who think that the key is to describe the cognitive performance, detailing the status of each of the functions assessed, but without mentioning the scores, except where expressly requested. On the other hand, some authors argue that lays the importance of standardization and standardization of the techniques at the time of neuropsychological assessment schedule scores are essential and whether it should be included. However, taking into account both trends, the report includes the following sections as a rule:

1. Heading .- is the first part and usually contains:

patient data: name, age and education.

Reason for assessment and if there were previous assessments.

examiner Name

2. Methods: listing (and description if necessary) of the procedures or techniques used.

3. Results orderly and detailed exposure data collected (according to the logic from the theoretical framework), based on explicit evidence in the previous section. In case of a reassessment, to compare with previous results.

4. Conclusions: part of the report, which summarizes the findings that emerge from the analysis of the data.

We must remember that the neuropsychological assessment works and / or confirms the diagnosis, so the results should be interpreted both in the context of clinical history and neurological examination. In analyzing the results, it is important to study and include the performance baseline (premorbid) of the subject, to compare it with the current. In general to estimate premorbid intelligence capabilities are used more resistant and / or less vulnerable to cognitive dysfunction, such as tests of vocabulary and other verbal skills related: reading test, sub-items of the WAIS verbal, that we will indicate the intellectual level that reached the subject. Is then calculated, based on the score but can and are compared with it all other scores obtained by the patient. The report, therefore, must include an opinion with respect to:

1. current cognitive status represents a decline from a previous level.

2. elements that may help clarify whether this decline corresponds to organic factors, functional or emotional

3. The impact of changes in activities of daily living.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

From the book "Neuropsychological Assessment" (2008). Debora I., Marina A., Drake and Paula Harris. Buenos Aires: Argentina. Editorial: Paidós.

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SERIOUS PATIENT CARE FROM A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

The peculiar environment of intensive care units (ICU) patients tends to become habitual for service personnel, is reversed in fear, anxiety, depression, disturbed sleep-wake and ultimately disorientation and agitation between 30 and 70% of patients who are admitted to them.

These pathological expressions of mental status can occur if we consider that in these units, the patient is subjected to situations that determine the loss of autonomy making it dependent, almost total health team, and otherwise limit the the company of their families, their usual environment must be intimate with people that are unknown at the time of admission. The

psychiatric patients with these conditions added a new problem that significantly affects their recovery spreads to some vital functions, so that the challenges of intensive care medicine is becoming more common psychological care to critical patients.

Monitoring the psychic sphere for the early detection of abnormalities should be common practice in the ICU.

The organization of psychological care are focused on three key strands.

a) Patient life-threatening situation.
b) Personal care
c) Companion and family grave.

a) The patient in life-threatening situation.
Patients admitted to the ICU are under stress for very different reasons including the factors considered intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal.

intrapersonal factors are given by the frustration at the limitation of activity, the peripheral or central venous access, drainage, awareness to the restriction spontaneous inter alia in the physiological order, while the psychosocial and cultural important are insufficient explanations and misinterpretation of medical interventions and the inability to actively cooperate treatment.

interpersonal factors related to the receipt by the patient's inconsistent explanations, inability to communicate, loss of confidence and critical care nurse.

The critically ill patient often speaks of himself, but hardly verbalize their concerns, desires, failures, disappointments, threats and greater emotional commitment to radically changing the idea that so far has had on their future.

The patient's coping style to your situation depends largely on how communication occurs with medical deduction here the importance of that act.

Several studies confirm the fact that silence does more harm than communicating information. Patients who feel that they are not enough has been said, often suffer from a feeling of insecurity due to limited not so much about their diagnosis and prognosis, for lack of information about what may happen in the near future.

The decision to shut the diagnosis does not eliminate the disease. This is not the unpleasant experience of being informed what is going to dismay to enfermo.Lo resulting predicament is how to provide such information.

The right to truth is claimed as a fundamental human right and an expression the respect that is owed. Denying the truth is seriously ill from living as a protagonist in a crucial phase of his life. Telling the truth

a patient is not always easy. This does not mean you need to lie, but it is not always necessary and in any place to tell the truth, no matter what is said. You can remain silent, saying nothing but never lie. The prospect of an end may be near a stage of growth. In the awareness of death can make important decisions (legal, economic, human), essential dialogues with spouse, children, friends, adjourned for a lifetime and are now in a particularly intense spirituality.

young regularities in the development of his personality is characterized by structuring your life plan and then consider the possibility of death is regularly accompanied by anxiety, fear, agitation and sometimes suicidal actions in a second time these crises can be substituted for compliance or inevitability of death colored by apathy and complete indifference towards the surroundings.

Moreover experiential manifestations are closely related to the structuring personological.

Besides these there are other factors resulting from the characteristics of space where they are admitted, ie the entorno.Tanto the excess as the monotony of stimuli produce a search of the subject of alternative stimuli that activate the reticular system. The sensory perception disorders arising from these situations can result in manifestations in people such as disorientation to time, place, person, Confucianism acute risk of violence to self or others, risk of injury, irritability, perceptual narrowing, etc.

b) Personal care in critical patient care.
intensive care units have been considered a psychologically stressful environment because of the critical patient care is often associated with emergency difficult decisions, frequent deaths, noisy atmosphere and ethical dilemmas.

The literature shows work on this problem in the nursing staff, however there are very few references to the intensive care. In recent times has been described as the most embarrassing event that derived from the fatigue they are exposed to these professionals who can lead them to feel burned, the burning-out syndrome called, prompted by several circumstances, including the following:

1. The characteristics of the patients will be treated, a serious condition which is linked to stress or emotional overload, representative on one side the narrow margin of time available for diagnostic and therapeutic performance.
2. Undeclared or unexpected, just subject to programming, which are mixed with periods of calm in high stress situations.
3. The field where its action takes place in the team staff untrained.
4. The limited availability of adequate means at their disposal.
5. The lack of recognition of the specialty by other specialists in hospitals.
6. Low status of the profession for intensivists.
7. The call care to critically ill patients leads to situations of deprivation of sleep and rest with little time to devote to other educational and research activities.
8. The common experiences before death.
9. Lack of training in situations where decisions must be ethical.
10. Complex and extensive training in theory and technical skills combined with rapid advances in medicine.
11. Feelings of responsibility to the families of inpatients.
12. The lack of harmony in the health care team with a totally seamless communication and organized among professionals involved in the care and treatment of critically ill patient.
13. The workload more demand than supply at the level of resources (ie, the concept of the last bed.)

The tech medicine today is very great lack of communication also depends on the lack of time, insufficient training in communication skills in undergraduate education. However, the vulnerability and insecurity are factors characterizing patients who have threatened his life and exerted a significant influence on the course of their disease. A proper doctor patient relationship can reduce fear, anxiety and uncertainty that make them so vulnerable to these patients. Lack of communication leads to painful estrangement and alienation of the patient. Do not allow technology to increase the therapeutic options of medical stop use the word (verbal communication), hands (nonverbal communication) and humanity (empathy) in their relationships with patients, thus reducing their ability to cure or alleviate.

Therefore, the objective is: no more little white lies, but more pious ways of telling the truth to enable the role act seriously ill at this stage of his life.

This communication process is individualized, but it is necessary to consider some elements to guide us to design strategies to support the process of exchange with the patient.

1. Psychological structure of the patient's premorbid personality. In this regard it is essential know the patient's coping styles in situations of life-long commitment and emotional-affective reactions that have resulted, thus providing the patient the possible responses to the process of sharing with your doctor for assistance. It is very important to highlight the value of the family because to some extent the patient's relationship will also depend on the characteristics of the dynamics in which it is inserted.
2. Disease severity. He or she will be easier to establish the communication process with their patients as more likely to have the same recovery. Communication also varies with the patient under the changes that occur in the situation the psychological to the extent that the first symptoms of the disease, when complications appear or when he realizes that there is little chance of recovery.
3. Age. are marked differences that exist in establishing communication with an elderly person with a severe disease, because in our culture, old age per se is perceived as a disease. The opposite happens with young patients from the very fact of being young will try more aggressive treatments and therefore it is necessary to dwell further on the information is vital for the active participation of that advantage in the therapeutic process psychophysical its full potential.
4. Emotional reaction to the sick: this element is very important to consider it primarily in trauma patients frequently require the attentions of the UCI. Some body parts have an important symbolic meaning, for example: the face, genitals, and considering the characteristics of our culture we must assume that not everyone adopts a consistent position when given a choice of quantity over quality of life . Closely related to this is then the type of treatment which will make the more mutilating it will force us to be more explicit in the information that is provided. In a similar situation we face the side effects in certain patient tratamientos.Al if your state allows it should be explained before why these behaviors, most unpleasant.
5. Social role: is relevant to note the role that society plays the patient, their life projects, future prospects, to ask what effect it may have not have the information necessary to cause uncertainty about their future and family.

c) The patient's family grave.
When the family arrives in the intensive care you do with instability in its emotional dynamics, first because one of its members have become ill with imminent danger to life and because the organization of medical services which contacts you can command respect and sometimes fear as the frightening ignorance of medical procedures that limit their autonomy .

family faces a crisis characterized by:
1. Stress, anxiety, fear, disbelief and anxiety.
2. Changes in the distribution of roles within the family.
3. Existing bureaucratic health system.
4. Misinformation.
5. Limited communication with his family.

is important to consider that the family lost its balance and functionality this may affect the patient's task therefore is to help nursing staff to behave with typical autonomy system is helping to his patient.
A phrase, a word, even non-verbal forms of communication may reduce anxiety levels of a family.

When these considerations are ignored in the family, you can produce angry reaction:

- Against The sick considered real or imaginary causes of disease, the abandonment of the family (in case of death), for outstanding issues, for having brought misfortune with the disease in the family circle.
- against other family members: because of old wounds, feelings of guilt (eg in case of an accident, relatives and friends to spread the disease over time are gradually abandoning the patient).
- Contra health professionals: against decisions made against the failure or limitations of medical science to cure his family, to announce bad news, for control of the situation, difficulties in communication (limited capacity listening, insensitivity, indifference).
- Against the "messenger" who announces the bad news.
- because of their loss of influence over the situation taking forward now in the possession of the medical and nurses.
- Because of a lack of communication (lack of listening, coldness, insensitivity, indifference).
- against external forces or chance.
- Rage Against the workplace to the occupation of the patient, justified or not.
- against God, against their abandonment.

happens very often that the family used to address the problem by assuming that their relative patient ignores the seriousness of his condition and the secrecy of his forecast for what to avoid as possible aware of any physician seeking solidarity in the conspiracy of silence that set in relation to their family. When the doctor becomes a participant is established between him and his patient in isolation. Therefore the physician must address and bring the family refuse to think of how important it is to share the truth to significantly reduce stress levels, at least we can keep the promise and the hope that conveys the assurance that your family will not be neglected .

All these elements come into analysis when performing the evaluation and diagnosis of family dynamics. This diagnosis must be fast, dynamic, accurate, causal, longitudinal and developmental regulation of the system for escorts.

For patients who are in the ICU, the companion has a role very important from an emotional standpoint. This family should be assessed taking into account:

- Levels of disease states (anxiety and depression).
- Background emotional rapport with the patient and characteristics of family dynamics.
Attendants should guide the family before going to see his family in relation to communication with the same standards. These rules are easy to play and must be directed to:

Ø Try not to harass the family insisting on questions about his health. Ø Talk
always positive terms of confidence, contain their emotions, not expressing grief in his presence.
Ø Try to guide the family on the day and time as well as events that make you stay in touch and together with their family, because patients often become disoriented. Ø
You should not be talking about problems or concerns, anxiety, stress and depression can extend the stay in the unit and even worse the picture. Ø
Unify your criteria as far as possible with medical personnel, because the goal is common: the healing of the sick.

Bibliography.
1. De la Torre Prados MV, Alcantara AG, Mérida de la Torre F, Morell Ocaña M, Daga Ruiz D, Ruíz L. Ash Psychological profile, cardiovascular and endocrine-metabolic response professional practitioner in the area of \u200b\u200bcritical care medicine 1998, 22 (5) :229-38.
2. Blasco J, Huet J. It's stressful intensive care unit for intensive care. Intensive Care Med 1998, 22 (5) :226-8.

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Family Crisis and adjustment disorder Psychological Vision

.-
Family Crisis Definition: "Crisis is a state of affairs in which a decisive change is coming one way or another"
Webster describes different types of crises
1. Unfortunately unexpected crisis
2. Development crisis
3. Structural crisis
4. Crisis of helplessness


unexpected misfortune. Precipitating stress real, unique and unpredictable show
. Arises from forces outside the individual and the family
. Fire, war, sickness, accident, death, kidnapping, enrichment or sudden ruin


Development Crisis.
universal and predictable.
vital part of the cycle. Some are subtle and gradual, others sudden and dramatic
. Some correspond to life stages, others to social
. May represent permanent changes in the function of a member
. Birth of a child, first word, first day of school, puberty, first sexual experience, graduation, marriage, middle age crisis, empty nest, retirement, death.
. By failing to foresee the crisis, the person experiencing it may feel isolated, confused or guilty and see it as something bad or abnormal
.
transitions correspond to normal. The family tends to delay, prevent and even punish
change. The problem occurs when the family tries to prevent crises rather than to define and adapt to it
Great crisis: when the structure of the family is unable to incorporate the new stage of development


structural crisis. Defect in family structure makes it resistant to change and prone to conflicts
exacerbations. Be confused with the two previous crises
. Differential Diagnosis: history of recurrence of the same crisis to various stressors factors


Crisis of helplessness. In families with one or more members or dependents
dysfunctional. Tied to the family keeps their demands
care and attention. This crisis occurs when there is external support and it fails
. Is greater when aid is most difficult to replace
. Physical or mental illness new and not yet accepted


.- Adaptive Disorder Definition: intense pathological response that occurs against an identifiable stressful event that exceeds the adaptive capacity of the individual to his age.

. Leading cause of consultation in all age groups.
. The general practitioner and pediatrician play an essential role in the diagnosis and treatment.

The stressful event can be:
1. Crisis policy: Entering college, birth sibling, grandparents etc. death.
2. Non-normative crisis: separation, chronic illness, abuse, family dysfunction, accident. etc.


Epidemiology. Present in all ages.
. There are few studies.
. Prevalence varies according to population. (1998 RR Car Hospital in Argentina) 25.6% men and 27.5% in women. Table


clinical. Symptoms begin within the first 3 months after the event.
. Presentations are varied, often coexisting anxiety symptoms, depression, behavioral and somatic.
. Generally children suffering with this disease have a normal psychological development.

DSM IV defines subtypes 6:
1. With depressed mood.
2. With anxiety symptoms.
3. Anxious-depressive symptoms (mixed).
4. Behavioral disorder.
5. Mixed: alterations in emotions and behavior.
6. Not specified.


Differential Diagnosis Feedbacks normal to stressful situations. Mourning
· normal.
· posttraumatic stress disorder.
· Acute Stress Disorder.
· depressive and anxiety disorders.
· behavior disorders.
· decompensation of the Developmental Disabilities personality.



Treatment .- Individual psychotherapy.
. Relationship warm, cozy and warm.
. Depending on the age you can work on the basis of drawings, play, verbal interaction.
. Help the child to establish a temporal relationship between the xy position of symptoms.
. Facilitate and contain the emotional expression of children and adolescents about the situation.
. Legitimize and accept feelings of anger, fear and sadness.
. Work at fault: Decline or assume realistically.

Psycho-education parents.
. Report on the normality of the expression of feelings.
. Attitude of the parents must be acceptance and modeling of feelings.
. Avoid attitudes that maintain or enhance symptoms. Drug Therapy


Infrequent use.
Indicated only when symptoms are very intense.
are primarily used for anxiety and antidepressant
management:
. High anxiety.
. Insomnia.
. Depressive symptoms.

Use the lowest dose of anxiety for the shortest time possible. Bibliography



1. Covarrubias, Edmundo. 1999. Grief Therapy. In: Bridges between Mourning and Hope. Editor Lister Rossel. Chile.
2. Pittman, Frank. 1990. Treatment decisive moments of families in crisis situations. Paidos Editorial, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
3. JAES Falicov, Celia. 1988. Transitions Family Continuity and change in the life cycle. Amorrortu Editore, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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Greetings

PRESS:

Greetings to all the readers and followers of psychological insight, these months have been working with the aim of bringing new items of interest, and share new information with you and that have made this blog a place where you can find, discuss and publish diferententes issues concerning our profession, so these months have been slow, but productive, please be patient with people who share with us information and questions that gradually we will respond.

Psychological Vision is known for being a place where bacteria can be found psychological aspect different topics, aimed at training students and interested in this race. Thus since we started to work was our first objective, we're trying to accomplish in these almost 2 years of work, we thank our readers for the various countries and

support they give us.

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Apraxia is

difficulty and failure to properly perform propositional learned movements (praxis) as a result of brain injury and disorders in the absence of elementary sensory motor, perceptual disturbances or comprehension of language. This is reflected in the difficulty to produce gestures and learned previously.

What we mean by gesture, the movements that express some kind of communication that are usually given in a situation where the language used. These gestures can be classified as:

a) Transitive order: are those performed on the body or the external world and involve the use of objects or tools (comb, use a hammer and nail, light a match, etc..).

b) Transitive without object: are gestures of tool use, but made without the object. They also called pantomimes, a clear example of this is to simulate everyday things.

c) Intransitive: are symbolic gestures that do not require any object (such as venetian blind, shake hands, make the leave, etc.)..

conduct a systematic evaluation of apraxia requires:

a) identify their presence.

b) Sort the nature of praxis deficit as mistakes made by the patient.

c) From these data the technique underlying deficit in view of the model.

Liepmann (1900) was the first to formally investigate the apraxia and propose an explanatory model, these contributions are used today, in this sense, the author explains three clinical:

1. Apraxia Ideational is the result of the loss of the formulas of the movement (the patient loses the idea of \u200b\u200bmotion.) There is a disorder of the action plan ideational and is manifested by the failure of the use of objects when it should be a complex sequence of events. Patients with this condition have difficulty in performing gestures and non-object transitive and intransitive for both verbal command and to imitation.

2. ideomotor apraxia: is due to the disconnect between these formulas and patterns inervatorios (unable to translate the whole idea of \u200b\u200bmoving into a motor program required). There are basically two types of ideomotor apraxia (right-handed subjects):


• For left-brain injury: in these cases, the subjects know what to do, but can not implement it, but when the object is present is given the task can execute (good performance of transitive gestures in order .)

• For lesion of the corpus callosum: Subjects were characterized by good execution with the right arm to order, to imitation and objects, bad execution member upper left to order, using objects well and generally has good imitation. Is due to a shortfall in the transfer interhemispheric.

3. mielocinetica Apraxia: is due to the loss of inervatorios patterns (interferes with the selection of muscle synergies necessary to perform the movement). The speed, skill and delicacy of movement are affected regardless of the degree of complexity and automation of the gestures involved. The involvement of members is unilateral and contralateral to the lesion which lies in the promoter region. Patients with this disorder have difficulty performing serial movement, coordinated sequences (eg fist striking the table with singing and with the palm of your hand on), can perform isolated movements, unable to coordinate them in series.

For the evaluation of these cases, some of the ams neuropsychological tests used are:

• The Boston Test (Goodglass and Kaplan, 1963 )
• cognitive assessment of apraxia (Heilman and Gonzalez Rothi Ochipa, 1991. 1997)
• SKA Battery (1996, 1997). "Evaluate the recognition of gestures and gestural production. "
• Battery Florida (Gonzalez Rothi et al., 1992, 1997)

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

. Burin, D., Drake, M. & Harris, P. (2008). "Neuropsychological Assessment in adults." Editorial Paidós. Buenos Aires: Argentina.

. Gonzalez-Rothi, L., Raymer, A. & Heilman, K. (1997). "Limb praxis assessment". London, Psychology Press.

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apraxias guided imagery

When you dream usually has the power and control over events in his mind to perform, it is clear indicator of the need that has to say or do something, can not do any blocking introject tax, insecurity, on the level of values \u200b\u200bthat one holds, etc.

Gestalt psychotherapy in use as a resource especially fantasies in special conditions, ie, it performed like a waking sleep, that is exactly to what can be called a fantasy directed. During the work of guided imagery, are created situations that may be related to the existence of a conscious way. Every experience can be a guided imagery, the therapist must be clear about what you specifically want to accomplish and opening to the topic you realize from the patient.

all work directed fantasy is very important to pay attention to the patient's body posture, you should be aware that this is not relaxation, but the opening is a very profound realization. Such techniques can be done in groups or individually depending on the subject to play, before starting to be taken into consideration the convenience of the people speaking at work, try the light and temperature are comfortable, try to isolate any noise outside the work and prevent excessive muscle relaxation to prevent the person stay asleep before starting the session.

Then we will know one way home and some other variants that can be used in therapy: Beginning

can use a variant of the relaxation of Jacobson, emphasizing the "MI" for each person and be generating account for each specific part of your body, body awareness is the first part of this work, taking care create a relaxed state which requires a person to fall asleep, or generate the same way drowsiness.

The meeting with the child I was:
I'm walking down a road ... I'm paying attention to everything around me ... I'm looking from right to left recording as I see, hear and feel ... Sometimes, I stop and I look back ... before me in the distance I see someone approaching me, that I can not tell ... I see a creature ... as it gets closer I realize it's the child I was ... It is close to me I see your face clearly, her figure, her clothes ... I take your little hand in mine ... and I remain a while, I say what I feel and understand what it feels .... Then when I let go enough for me and go my own way ...

The toy shop:
This is a fantasy very often combined with the previous. Before parting with the kid I was, we both at a toy store ... where I look, not a toy either, but just one ... (not clarify if that is the most beloved achievement never possess, or any other interpretation of the receivers prefer to do this year to meet the needs of their own fantasies.)
The climb to the mountain to encounter the different ages of mine:

I'm in a hilly site ... about to start a climb ... Before observe everything around me ... all I can register to see and feel ... I look and feel in detail. I realize as I'm dressed, what I feel and begin my ascent ... It's not magic, I feel my efforts ... while I find the person up I was in a bad situation ... (Do not give any information, can be understood as risk, helplessness, abandonment, by the members according to the free flow of his fantasies and life experiences).

I act ... so I have complete peace of mind for the baby and continued my ascent suddenly ... someone blocked my way ... this is my own person, just as I am now ... and to continue the journey to convince my opponent in any way ... Finally I reach the summit and the elderly person you're looking at first, I'm finally more years and I naturally knew ...

The Statue:
I go into a house I do not know, is a soft shadow that does not clearly distinguish them ... It seems to be something like an exhibition hall. A group of people surrounding something and talk to each other ... In the middle of them, is a brightly lit statue. I realize that I represent. Now I hear the comments of all people concerned are clearly ... All of the statue that are watching ... I also note the statue, I look at their size, material that is made in the position to have that thing that I like and I like that I generated by each them ... After I've done this I leave the group and stay in the soft twilight living with the feeling that I let myself watch me and listen to the comments of others.

Bibliography:
. Zwillinger, J. (1993). "Attention. Here and now. " Editorial Abadon. Buenos Aires: Argentina.

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Houellebecq: Extension of the battlefield

Revisit the novels of Michel Houellebecq, surf its pages, including the smell of French devoid of interest because they contradict the odious stereotype of the man who brings the baguette under unwashed arm scented cumin, garlic, herbes de provence .

The characters in his novels always leave very clear in their vocation of voyeurs, whether in the commune naturist elementary particles, either in the protagonist's trip to Thailand of Platform. Another recurring theme is his interest in the Cuban mulatto in Platform is a scene where the maid of Cuban hotel, conveniently devoid of underwear, is not afraid to participate in a menage a trois (after all are French) with the protagonist and his girlfriend. His prose is lame, lame and disinterested vibrantly avatars with some literary accompany their proposals. Houellebecq is a writer who does not hesitate to detail the woman's body, describing, devoid of any lyrical haze, all folds less intrinsic and formal description of the labia of a character in The Elementary Particles is classic, in this case a particular woman's gynecological acts as an adjective qualifying the whole character, calling him old and decadent, and the anatomic condition reveals the character while showering in public bathrooms that naturist commune the protagonist has chosen to spend your summer vacation and bask in the sight of naked women. All the women in his novels are things disposable items where it is difficult to see any trace of the same human dignity that the narrator rejects as unlikely in all his novels. In The elementary particles, the novel that brought him to fame, all the female characters die Tragically, some even a sadistic way. Michel Houellebecq is one of those authors who enjoy not enjoying it, rather than a whimper, a cry of anguish, it is an expression of boredom, unresolved loss. The new novel The Possibility of an Island , which will soon come to Costa Rica in the hands of giant Alfaguara, has finished placing the tables from the scene of ownership and continues to feed the market's interest and, above all, American and British intellectuals, who inspired comment in their cocktail parties in their literary soirees on "that trendy French writer", and count the pages to go in the English version of his new novel The Possibility of an Island , they mention the first female sexual organ. Alfonso Chacón writes in his well illustrated and recommended blog: Further south (www. masalsur.blogspot.com) "Houellebecq is a phenomenon, but I sincerely believe to be the greatest French writer." No, certainly not, is just a writer who draws with a palette own very French perspective of today's world vision as close to the moral decrepitude. Nothing more than that. Or maybe it's just a rogue who managed to bamboozle with his stories half a world as old carefree walk in shirt, pants, with an unfiltered cigarette and a cup of coffee in the glamorous parade of contemporary literary world. The Bitacora of Faro

Eye www.heribertorodriguez.blogspot.com

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conferences in Social and Community Psychology "Prospects for change."

Receive a warm greeting from the Specialty of Social Psychology the Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal,
organizer third edition of Lecture in Social Psychology and Community "Prospects for Change" .

This event aims to be a place of socialization of knowledge and new proposals being developed
in the field of Social Psychology, aims to become a space cultural exchange between professional scholars of human behavior and social environment.

We invite you to participate with their assistance, to be held on 21, 22 and 23 October this in the Auditorium of the School of Management - ANNEX 08.

For better information and registration, write to ccpsicosocial2009@hotmail.com and / or sign in to our blog: http://cconferenciaspsicosocialunfv.blogspot.com

psychological insight

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emotional disorders in later childhood

1.1 Fear

is a normal emotional response to situations involving danger to the subject. Is a differential response to a specific object or situation. It is an evolutionary phenomenon and temporary.

fear in the second childhood

When anxiety refers to stimuli specifically, it speaks for itself fear. Most children experience many fears mild, transient and associated with a given age who are overcome spontaneously in the course of development.

Fear is an early warning system that helps children avoid potentially dangerous situations. The fear of separation is the first line of defense if you break it, then come into action fears of animals and physical damage. From this perspective, fears are instinctive and universal, without any prior training, they have aimed at protecting children from different dangers.

1.2. Fobia

is a special form of fear and reaction disproportionate, irrational, out of voluntary control of the subject, involves avoidance responses of the situation or object fobizado and persistent over time.

1.2.1 Phobias in children

When children's fears are no longer talking about transient phobias. Phobias are a special form of fear. Childhood phobias usually occur more frequently between 4 and 8 years.

phobias of children are linked to fears unjustified and unreasonable to objects, beings or situations which the subject recognizes the illogical, but dominate it repeatedly, results in an inhibition in the field of action and often, in the representation. Child's exposure to the phobic object almost invariably provokes anxiety. For the case of an anxiety disorder must interfere with daily activities of the child.

phobia types:

Social Phobia

The criteria for diagnosing this disorder are :

• Marked and persistent fear of one or more aspects of social performance.
• Intense fear of criticism and public humiliation.
• Fear being with people other than friends or relatives.
• exposure to social situations almost always causes anxiety, biasing, in some cases, a panic attack.

Children with social phobia often reported, varying degrees of depression, as well as little confidence in their abilities and a strong tendency to be stubborn. .

• specific phobias.

is exaggerated and irrational fear to an object or situation (flying, contact with animals, heights, confined spaces, darkness, insects, etc.). It is the most common phobic disorder . In children, specific phobias are more common: In animals, bedtime, school phobia, In the dark.

. Fear of external action by unusual items, unexpected movement, darkness, loss of balance, strange noises or excessive

. Fear of natural elements: silence, fire, waves, thunder.

. Phobia of animals large and small, for example, dogs, horses, rats etc.

. Fear of people not there, but they keep a considerable real value as they have been described as dangerous and presented under structures supernatural (ghosts, witches, etc.).

. Fear of being discovered by the look of another or manifestations of his own person (fear of blushing).

. Fear that a person close to having an accident or the death of this person.

. Fear of the dark.

1.2.2 phobic child behavior

The attitude of children from phobia and phobic child's behavior are inextricably linked. When the child is often facing the phobic object, can cause real fear reactions associated with autonomic components spending tension that this brings, when you can not help it, the child reacts with a flight of panic not only increases your tension and I could still increase their attachment phobic and fear of future equivalent situations, can sometimes be possible to meet the object, but at the expense of a strong anxiety that might result in a feeling of weakness or depression.

1.3. Anxiety Disorder :

is characterized by a sense of impending danger with an attitude of waiting, a disorder causing more or less deep, personal experience that invades a person.

In children, anxiety is expressed in the form of crying, opposition, tantrums and a pressing need to avoid the situation. A Unlike adults, children do not have to recognize the irrational fear.

fears are a nearly constant factor in the course of human development. The appearance of anxiety in children, far from being a pathological feature, indicating a shift in consciousness that we can observe that the child becomes about your own individuality, its boundaries and its resources.

In the second childhood, the nature of the fears is very broad and appear fears: Animals, Monsters, ghosts and loneliness.

From age 7 have fears about school and sports performance, existential fears and fear of death.

described fears diminish or disappear when the child develops normally. If not, it is likely that we are facing a Anxiety Disorder.

4.3.1 Etiology of anxiety disorders in later childhood

The origin of anxiety disorders play an important role on the one hand, stressful events such as divorce of parents during periods Critics of childhood and, secondly, the educational style of parents with children. In particular, there is a close relationship between anxiety maternal overprotection of children and anxiety responses by them. Anxious children tend to take responsibility for the failures too, have difficulty generate alternative actions and discriminate those that are effective which are not, and finally, tend to be slow in making decisions. Child's excessive attention to their own reactions and their own thoughts helps develop and maintain anxiety.

1.3.2 Classification of anxiety disorders.

• Separation Anxiety Disorder

arises before the real separation or threat of separation from a significant adult (mother), which leads to marked anxiety.

This disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and inappropriate for developmental level of the child concerning his separation from home or people with whom you are connected.

Symptoms:

ü excessive worry and expressed in relation to health or safety of their parents.

ü Fear that something terrible must separate the significant figures.

ü Fear of being alone.

ü Refusal to go to school.

ü Somatic complaints when separation is anticipated.

ü Crisis to separation anxiety.

ü Insistence on sleeping with parents.

ü The boy agrees to stay in school.

As well as somatic symptoms: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, anorexia.

This disorder is closely linked to Panic Disorder. Clinical studies have determined that half of children with this disorder also exhibit other anxiety disorder and one third of them are also depression. Other studies suggest that this condition increases the risk of developing Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia in childhood or adulthood (Moreau and Follett 1993).

• Panic Disorder.

physical and cognitive symptoms are similar to those occurring in adults. It can occur in unexpected and spontaneous, but in general is associated with other diagnoses, especially separation anxiety, school phobia and agoraphobia.

• disorder sibling rivalry

Jealousy marked with aggression towards generally smaller brother. Aggressiveness can be open or veiled, begins or shortly after before the birth of his brother. The child competes with his brother for the attention of parents. Sometimes you see small regression or loss of skills acquired and infant behavior

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

In contrast with specific phobias in this disorder are excessive worry and fear in different situations of everyday life. That is, it is not focused on a particular object or situation. Children with this disorder are changing, over the weeks, the focus of concern.

Symptoms:

• reoccupation chronic and excessive, difficult to control, easy fatigue, frequent somatic complaints.
• moodiness.
• frequent tantrums in situations of change or that the child can be evaluated as dangerous or unsafe.
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.

permanent Obsessions are ideas, that burst and plague the sufferer. Are difficult to control and are accompanied by a feeling of unease and anxiety that the child can not discard.

compulsion to call the need to implement an action or have a thought in order to relieve anxiety or to prevent something bad from happening (magical thinking). The obsessions and compulsions impair social life and school. The most common compulsions in children include:

• ritualized hand washing.
• need to repeat, checking and counting.
• Rituals bedtime.

The age of onset is around age 8. Most of the adults with this disorder referred have suffered since childhood , without anyone noticing that they were experiencing symptoms that constitute a disease.

References

. Ajuriaguerra, J. (1984). Handbook of Child Psychiatry. Barcelona. Masson. SA.

. Jiménez, M. (1997). Child psychopathology. Granada. Cistern editions.

. Livia, J. (2004). Epidemiology of Child Psychopathology in the school population of Lima. Master's thesis. Lima. UNFV.

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